Abstract: To explore the curative effects of performing one-off operation after CAPD on the calculus of upper urinary tract with postrenal acute renal failure, 69 cases definitely diagnosed to be the complete obstruction of upper urinary tract with acute renal failure were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Then, 34 cases in the experimental group were treated by one-off operation after CAPD, and among the 35 cases in control group, 28 cases were treated by hemodialysis; 5 cases by percutaneous nephrostomy, and 1 case was successfully conducted in a drainage through solitary kidney by retro-urethral catheterization. The results showed that in experimental group, 33 cases recovered from the disease and one case ended in death, with a 97.06% cure rate; but in control group, only 18 cases were cured, with a 51.43% cure rate; and 11 cases were of inefficacy, accounting for 31.43%; and 5 cases died in hospital during hospitalization and one case, who needed the hemodialysis for the rest of his/her life, died of kidney infection after he/she had left hospital for one month. Thus it could be concluded that the method—to treat the calculus of upper urinary tract with post-renal acute renal failure by one-off operation after CAPD, cost a lower medical expenditure, with a short time of hospitalization, and was one of effective ways to treat the disease.